Crusades A paper essays

Crusades A paper essays Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity, but there were many activities that took place that werent characteristics of Christianity. The Crusades were a smokescreen for Popes The Crusades were the idea of Pope Urban II, a wise Frenchman. On November 18, 1095 AD, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Nine days later, the Pope made a very important speech just outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. In his speech, he asked the people to help the Christians effort to restore peace to the East. The Crusades had originally been to help the Churches in the East, but the now it was to reclaim the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem from the Muslims. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 in hopes of providing leadership for the First Crusaders. Urban had originally hoped for the crusading army to be composed of mostly knights and other warriors, but his speech had already began spreading throughout the west, and many people of different social classes started joining the crusading army. (Foss, Michael. pg. 23) Because of this Urban lost all control of the army, which led to the slaughter of Jews in northern France. These poor people also caused strain on the armies supplies and discipline. They were never trained and they were poor, so they couldnt bring anything and were poorly disciplined(Foss, Michael. pg. 24). The entire crusading army had planned on reaching the city of Constantinople, but because of their lack of supplies and training the vast majority of them were slaughtered before they got there. The few troops that did reach Constantinople split up into two groups. One group tried to capture Nicaea, a key city that blocked the road of their supply routes. This group was unsuccessful. The other group was attacked near the city of Civetot in October...

Comparative Commentary essays

Comparative Commentary essays The theme in both texts is similar; they both discuss the problem of pollution. However, the texts positions regarding this theme are very different and so is the way they are expressed. The first text is an advertisement and therefore its purpose is to try to persuade us to Keep America Beautiful. It expresses the urgency of the problem of pollution and of our reaction to it. The writer expresses this importance and urgency thanks to the structure and form of the text. The title is very well chosen, we immediately understand the theme of the text and are interested to read on. The sentences in the text are short and with a lot of punctuation, making it easily read and much livelier. The short paragraphs and the question-answer format makes the advertisement much more interesting. The texts purpose is to persuade us that the pollution problem is urgent. This is done by giving examples of every day situations the readers can relate to easily. The readers feel that the text is addressed directly to them and are therefore easily persuaded. The slogan at the end of the advertisement is very powerful, it is what we remember when we finish reading it and it stays in our memory for a long time. This advertisement is powerful and has great impact because it is clever, lively and subtle. The writer doesnt voice his opinion in the text; he is simply giving us different peoples reactions and information, letting us see for ourselves how stopping pollution is urgent and how his opinion is the right one. The second text has a completely different perspective of the same problem. This text is an editorial; the personal opinion of the editor is expressed in it. The text is therefore opinionated and subjective. The writer does not see global warming as a big problem. He expresses his message with irony and sarcasm, mocking people who think otherwise. This can be seen in the last para ...

Thermal Conductivity Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thermal Conductivity Report - Essay Example The negative sign indicates that heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature. The heat flow will be in the perpendicular-to-the-cross-section direction, i.e. one-dimensional. To determine how much heat is provided, we will calculate how much heat is taken (absorb) by the cold water at steady state condition. (it is the condition at which heat supplied is equal to the heat removed). For this we use the relation Where Q is the rate of heat transfer, s is specific heat capacity of water , Tout is the temperature of water at outlet and Tin is the temperature of water at inlet. Putting the value of Q in (ii), we get The apparatus consist of accessories for providing heat at one end of sample composite bar and for taking heat at the other end of the bar through water. The water inlet temperature and outlet temperature was measured through thermometers. To determine the volume of water the measuring flask was provided. To determine the temperature at different points along the bar thermocouples were provided. The whole apparatus was well insulated to ensure one dimensional heat flow. The heater was switched on and as the circulation of water through the cavity. Readings at thermocouples 1,2,3 and 4 were taken when the steady state condition was achieved. The volume of water circulating was measured and time taken for this. The inlet and outlet temperature of water is also measured. Heat transfer has taken place because of the difference of temperature between two ends of sample bar (consisting of copper and stainless steel). From graph slopes of copper and stainless steel shows that drop in temperature per unit length in copper bar is less as compared to stainless steel, which indicates that copper has let more heat to be transferred through it. Similar result is given by the calculated thermal conductivities showing that copper thermal conductivity is greater as compare to stainless steel. A